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- <text id=93CT1621>
- <title>
- Brunei--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southeast Asia
- Brunei
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Ancient Chinese records in 518, 523, and 616 A.D. note visits
- by Chinese envoys to a country named "Pol-ni, Polli and
- Bun-lai," which could have been the Chinese pronounciation of
- the name "Brunei."
- </p>
- <p> Without doubt, Brunei is one of the most ancient kingdoms in
- Asia; records show that it was first settled in the 8th century.
- Brunei was a kingdom of the Buddhist Srivijaya Empire of Sumatra
- that collapsed with the ascendance of the great Hindu Empire of
- Majapahit in Java in the 15th century. The sultans of Borneo
- became independent rulers, and Islam came to Brunei via the
- Sultanate of Tumasek (the ancient name of Singapore), although
- recent discoveries suggest that this could have been as early
- as the 13th century. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Brunei
- was a powerful Islamic kingdom with authority over the island
- of Borneo, its influence reaching to Manila.
- </p>
- <p> Trade with outside countries gradually increased, and by the
- early 1800s, the English began to show an interest in Brunei.
- In 1838, James Brooke, the Victorian explorer arrived in Borneo
- at a time when piracy was rife. Brooke fought against piracy and
- successfully quelled rebellion. In return, the ruling sultan
- ceded him an area known as Sarawak and made Brooke the Rajah.
- Since that time, the Sultanate came under increasing pressure
- from the Brooke regime in the south and speculators in Sabah to
- the east to cede more territory.
- </p>
- <p> In 1847, the Sultan entered into a treaty with Great Britain
- to further commercial relations and suppress piracy; and in
- 1888, by a further treaty, the state was placed under Great
- Britain's protection. In 1906, Brunei accepted the first British
- resident, who was to advise the government on all matters except
- those concerned with indigenous customs and religion.
- </p>
- <p> The discovery of oil in 1929 significantly changed Brunei.
- Oil and natural gas production has subsequently become the
- principal source of development, generating one of the highest
- per capita incomes in the world. During World War II, the
- Japanese occupied Brunei for 3 1/2 years. After the war, social
- and economic development slowly returned to normal.
- </p>
- <p> On the death of his brother in 1950, Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin
- ascended to the throne. During his reign, a new constitution
- was written in 1959 declaring Brunei a self-governing state,
- while its foreign affairs, security, and defense remained the
- responsibility of the United Kingdom. In December 1962, the
- government put down a rebellion organized by the opposition,
- Partai Rakyat Brunei, with the help of British forces dispatched
- from nearby Singapore. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the
- government also resisted pressures for reunification with
- Sarawak and the newly formed Malaysia. The Sultan then decided
- that Brunei should remain an in-dependent state.
- </p>
- <p> In 1967, Sir Omar abdicated in favor of his eldest son who
- became the 29th ruler in succession. The coronation took place
- on August 1, 1968. On October 4, 1970, the state capital, Brunei
- Town, was renamed Bandar Seri Begawan to honor the Seri Begawan
- Sultan, Sir Omar, the present Sultans father.
- </p>
- <p> On January 4, 1979, the Sultan and the British Minister of
- State signed a new treaty of friendship and cooperation. Under
- the terms of the treaty, Brunei was to resume full independence
- at the end of 1983, and on January 1, 1984, it became the fully
- independent state of Brunei Darussalam.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Brunei is a hereditary Sultanate in which all major decisions
- are made by His Majesty and Yang Di-Pertuan, Hassanal Bolkiah
- Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah. The constitution provides the sultan with
- supreme executive authority in the state. After independence,
- six persons, including three members of the royal family, were
- named to a cabinet, which assists in the administration of the
- country.
- </p>
- <p> The legal system in Brunei is in most respects derived from
- the British system. The courts consist of the Supreme Court,
- comprised of the Court of Appeals and the High Court, and the
- Subordinate Courts, made up of the Magistrates Courts. Lacking
- a senior judiciary of its own, the Brunei High Court is presided
- over by a British judge seconded from Hong Kong. Matters related
- to the Islamic faith are dealt with by Islamic courts.
- </p>
- <p> The royal family, which has been in power for 29
- generations, ensures continuing support for an autocratic form
- of government by providing economic benefits such as subsidized
- food, fuel, housing, free education and medical care, and
- low-interest loans for citizen government employees to purchase
- various consumer goods.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- December 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-